[Provide for the] electronic exchange of messages, documents, or other information

 Define the forms of electronic exchange of messages, documents, or other information. Electronic communication provides efficiency through expedited time-of-delivery.

Objective Access Channels 1.1:  E-mail

Electronic mail

Email (Electronic mail) is the exchange of computer generated and stored messages by telecommunication. An email can be created manually via messaging applications or dynamically/programmatically such as automated response systems.

Objective Access Channels 1.2:  Fax

Facsimile

A fax is the digitized image of text and/or pictures, represented as a series of dots (bit map). Faxes are sent and received through telecommunication channels such as telephone or Internet.

Objective Access Channels 1.3:  Kiosk

Kiosk

A kiosk is a small physical structure (often including a computer and a display screen) that displays information for people walking by. Kiosks are common in public buildings. Kiosks are also used at trade shows and professional conferences.

Other various mediums of information exchange and interface between a user and an application

Define the other various mediums of information exchange and interface between a user and an application.

Objective Access Channels 2.1:  System to System

 System to System involves at least two computers that exchange data or interact with each other independent of human intervention or participation.

Objective Access Channels 2.2:  Web Service

Services  that are made available from a business's web server for webusers or other web-connected programs

Web services (sometimes called application services) are services (usually including some combination of programming and data, but possibly including human resources as well) that are made available from a business's web server for webusers or other web-connected programs.

Objective Access Channels 2.3:  Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

The global address of documents and other resources on the World Wide Web

 URL is the global address of documents and other resources on the World Wide Web. The first part of the address indicates what protocol touse (i.e. “http://”), and the second part specifies the IP address or the domain namewhere the resource is located (i.e. “www.firstgov.gov”).

Serve as your front end to the World Wide Web on the Internet

 Define the program that serves as your front end to the World Wide Web on the Internet. In order to view a site, you type its address (URL) into the browser’s location field.

Objective Access Channels 3.1:  Internet Explorer

Microsoft Internet Explorer (MSIE)

Microsoft Internet Explorer (MSIE) is the most widely used WorldWide Web browser.

Objective Access Channels 3.2:  Communicator

 Netscape Communicator

Netscape is the second most widely used World Wide Web browser.

 Transmission via the airwaves

 Technology that uses transmission via the airwaves. A Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) is a handheld computer that serves as an organizer for personal information. It generally includes at least a name and address database, to-do list and note taker.

Objective Access Channels 4.1:  Palm Operating System

 Palm  Personal Digital Assistant (PDA).

 Palm is the leading Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). Version 5 of Palm OS provides multitasking and other capabilities that will provide an improved platform for E-Gov solutions.

Objective Access Channels 4.2:  Blackberry

Blackberry email-enabled wireless device 

The leading email-enabled wireless device with wide use in several agencies.

Objective Access Channels 4.3:  Pocket PC Phone Edition

Pocket PC Phone Edition 

Microsoft’s environment for Internet-capable cellular phones.

Objective Access Channels 4.4:  Pocket PC 2000

Pocket PC 2000

Microsoft’s environment for PDA level devices.

Objective Access Channels 4.5:  Symbian Epoc

Symbian Epoc 

A leading environment for web capable cellular phones.

A private network that uses the Internet protocol and the public telecommunication system to securely share part of a business’s information or operations with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or other businesses

 An extranet is a private network that uses the Internet protocol and the public telecommunication system to securely share part of a business’s information or operations with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or other businesses. An extranet can be viewed as part of a company’s intranet that is extended to users outside the company.

Objective Delivery Channels 1.1:  None specified

A worldwide system of computer networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other computer

The internet is a worldwide system of computer networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other computer.

Objective Delivery Channels 2.1:  None specified

A private network that is contained within an enterprise

 An intranet is a private network that is contained within an enterprise. It may consist of many inter-linked local area networks and is used to share company information and resources among employees.

Objective Delivery Channels 3.1:  None specified

Applications that operate outside the DNS system and have significant or total autonomy from central servers, that take advantage of resources available on the Internet

 Peer to Peer is a class of applications, that operate outside the DNS system and have significant or total autonomy from central servers, that take advantage of resources available on the Internet.

Objective Delivery Channels 4.1:  None specified

 A Private Data Network that makes use of the public telecommunication infrastructure, maintaining privacy through the use of a tunneling protocol and security procedures

 A Private Data Network that makes use of the public telecommunication infrastructure, maintaining privacy through the use of a tunneling protocol and security procedures.

Objective Delivery Channels 5.1:  None specified

Provide users with the ability to log-in one time, getting authenticated access to all their applications and resources

 Refers a method that provides users with the ability to log-in one time, getting authenticated access to all their applications and resources.

Objective Service Requirements 1.1:  None specified

Manage and provide availability to a web site or application

Refers to the service provider who manages and provides availability to a web site or application, often bound to a Service Level Agreement (SLA). The Hosting entity generally maintains a server farm with network support, power backup, fault tolerance, load-balancing, and storage backup.

Objective Service Requirements 2.1:  Internal (within agency)

Host a web site or application within an agency 

 The hosting of a web site or application within an agency. The agency is responsible for the maintenance, support and availability of the web site or application.

Objective Service Requirements 2.2:  External (ISP/ASP/FirstGov)

 Outsource a web site or application with a managed service provider

The outsourcing of a web site or application with amanaged service provider. An Internet Service Provider (ISP) provides telecommunications circuits, server collocation, and web site and application hosting. An Application Service Provider (ASP) offers software-based services for high end business applications and specific needs applications such as payroll, sales force automation, and human resources. FirstGov is the official managed service provider for the federal government. [Editorial note: FirstGov is now USA.gov]

The pre-requisites that an application, system or service must have mandated by congress or governing bodies

 Defines the pre-requisites that an application, system or service must have mandated by congress or governing bodies.

Objective Service Requirements 3.1:  Section 508

 [Make] electronic and information technology  accessible to people with disabilities, including employees and members of the publi.

Section 508 requires that federal agencies' electronic and information technology is accessible to people with disabilities, including employees and members of the public.

Objective Service Requirements 3.2:  Web Content Accessibility

[Implement] hardware and software that helps people who are physically or visually impaired

Web Content Accessibility refers to hardware and software that helps people who are physically or visually impaired.

Objective Service Requirements 3.3:  Security

 Protect data against unauthorized access, use,disclosure, disruption, modification or destruction

Policy and procedures that protect data against unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification or destruction.

Objective Service Requirements 3.4:  Privacy - P3P

Allow users' web browsers to automatically understand web sites' privacy practices

A specification that will allow users' web browsers to automatically understand web sites' privacy practices. Privacy policies will be embedded in the code of a web site. Browsers will read the policy, and then, automatically provide certain information to specific sites based on the preferences set by the users. For instance, if the site is an e-commerce site, the browser will automatically provide shipping info. If the site is requesting demographic info, then the browser will know to provide it anonymously. The P3P specification was developed by the W3C P3P Syntax, Harmonization, and Protocol Working Groups, including W3C Member organizations and experts in the field of web privacy. P3P is based on W3C specifications that have already been established, including HTTP, XML and Resource Description Framework (RDF). Privacy is policy that deals with the degree to which an individual can determine which personal information is to be shared with whom and for what purpose.

Objective Service Requirements 3.5:  Privacy - Liberty Alliance

 Deliver and support a federated network identity solution for the Internet that enables single signon for consumers as well as business users in an open, federated way 

The Liberty Alliance Project is an alliance formed to deliver and support a federated network identity solution for the Internet that enables single signon for consumers as well as business users in an open, federated way. A federated network identity model will enable every business or user to manage their own data, and ensure that the use of critical personal information is managed and distributed by the appropriate parties, rather than a central authority. Privacy is policy that deals with the degree to which an individual can determine which personal information is to be shared with whom and for what purpose.

Define the format and structure of data and information that is either accessed from a directory or exchanged through communications

 These consist of the protocols that define the format and structure of data and information that is either accessed from a directory or exchanged through communications.

Objective Service Transport 1.1:  Transport Control Protocol (TCP)

  Provide transport functions, which ensures that the total amount of bytes sent is received correctly at the destination

TCP provides transport functions, which ensures that the total amount of bytes sent is received correctly at the destination.

Objective Service Transport 1.2:  Internet Protocol (IP)

Accept packets from TCP, adds a header and deliver a "datagram" to the data link layer protocol

 This is the protocol of the Internet and has become the global standard for communications. IP accepts packets from TCP, adds its own header and delivers a "datagram" to the data link layer protocol. It may also break the packet into fragments to support the maximum transmission unit (MTU) of the network.

Objective Service Transport 1.3:  Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Connect to servers on the World Wide Web

 The communications protocol used to connect to servers on the World Wide Web. Its primary function is to establish a connection with a web server and transmit HTML pages to the client browser.

Objective Service Transport 1.4:  Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)

Access a secure web server

 The protocol for accessing a secure web server. Using HTTPS in the URL instead of HTTP directs the message to a secure port number rather than the default web port number of 80. The session is then managed by a security protocol.

Objective Service Transport 1.5:  Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)

Empower users of digital mobile phones, pagers, personal digital assistants and other wireless devices to securely access and interact with Internet/intranet/extranet content, applications, and services

 The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is an open, global specification that empowers users of digital mobile phones, pagers, personal digital assistants and other wireless devices to securely access and interact with Internet/intranet/extranet content, applications, and services.

Objective Service Transport 1.6:  File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Transfer files over a TCP/IP network

  A protocol used to transfer files over a TCP/IP network (Internet, UNIX, etc.). For example, after developing the HTML pages for a Web site on a local machine, they are typically uploaded to the Web server using FTP.

Objective Service Transport 1.7:  IP Security (IPSEC)

Secure IP packet exchange

 A set of protocols used to secure IP packet exchange. Tunnel and Transport are the two (2) modes supported by IPSEC. IPSEC uses certificates and Public Keys to authenticate and validate the sender and receiver.

Define the format and structure of data and information that is either accessed from a directory or exchanged through communications

 These consist of the protocols that define the format and structure of data and information that is either accessed from a directory or exchanged through communications.

Objective Service Transport 2.1:  Internet Message Access Protocol / Post Office Protocol (IMAP / POP3)

 Allow a client to access and manipulate electronic mail messages on a server and/or permit manipulation of remote message folders, called "mailboxes", in a way that is functionally equivalent to local mailboxes. 

IMAP allows a client to access and manipulate electronic mail messages on a server. IMAP permits manipulation of remote message folders, called "mailboxes", in a way that is functionally equivalent to local mailboxes. IMAP also provides the capability for an offline client to resynchronize with the server. POP3 is the most commonly used protocol for retrieving email from a mail host.

Objective Service Transport 2.2:  Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)

Allow non-U.S. American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) textual messages, non textual messages, multipart message bodies, and non US ASCII information in message headers

 MIME extends the format of Internet mail to allow non-U.S. American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) textual messages, non textual messages, multipart message bodies, and non USASCII information in message headers. MIME support allows compliant email clients and servers to accurately communicate embedded information to internal and external users.

Objective Service Transport 2.3:  Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

Facilitate transfer of electronic mail messages

 SMTP facilitates transfer of electronic mail messages. It specifies how two systems are to interact, and the messages format used to control the transfer of electronic mail.

Objective Service Transport 2.4:  Extended Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (ESMTP)

Allow new service extensions to SMTP to be defined and registered with Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

 ESMTP allows new service extensions to SMTP to be defined and registered with Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).

Objective Service Transport 2.5:  T.120

Provide support for real-time, multipoint data communications

 T.120, an International Telecommunications Union (ITU) standard, contains a series of communication and application protocols and services that provide support for real-time, multipoint data communications. These multipoint facilities are important building blocks for collaborative applications, including desktop data conferencing, and multi-user applications.

Objective Service Transport 2.6:  H.323

Address Video (Audiovisual) communication on Local Area Networks

 H.323, an International Telecommunications Union (ITU) standard, addresses Video (Audiovisual) communication on Local Area Networks, including Corporate Intranets and packet switched networks generally.

Objective Service Transport 2.7:  Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

Eliminate security vulnerabilities

 SNMP eliminates several of thesecurity vulnerabilities in earlier version.

Objective Service Transport 2.8:  Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)

An information model and a protocol for querying and manipulating it

 LDAP is a subset of X.500 designed to run directly over the TCP/IP stack. LDAP is, like X.500, both an information model and a protocol for querying and manipulating it. LDAPv3 is an update developed in the IETF(Internet Engineering Task Force), which address the limitations found during deployment of the previous version of LDAP.

Objective Service Transport 2.9:  Directory Services (X.500)

Discover and identify resources on a network and make them accessible to users and applications

 This is a network service that discovers and identifies resources on a network and makes them accessible to users and applications. The resources include users, email addresses, computers, mapped drives, shared folders, and peripherals such as printers and PDA docking stations. Users and computers access these resources without the needing to know how or where the resources are connected.

Objective Service Transport 2.10:  Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

Assign dynamic IP addresses to devices on a network

  A protocol for assigning dynamic I Paddresses to devices on a network. A device can receive a different IP address for every connection. Dynamic addressing provides reduced network administration over deploying and connecting user and peripheral devices.

Objective Service Transport 2.11:  Domain Name System (DNS)

Translate domain names  to their respective IP addresses

 A protocol used for translating domain names (i.e.www.feapmo.gov) to their respective IP addresses. DNS is collectively a network of devices which store query results. As one DNS server or device cannot provide the translated IP address, it queries other DNS devices. This process is invisible to the user.

Objective Service Transport 2.12:  Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

Exchange routing information between routers on a network, enabling more efficient routing of data

  Refers to a routing protocol used to exchang erouting information between routers on a network, enabling more efficient routing of data .BGP is part of RFC 1771.

Objective Service Transport 2.13:  X.400

Email message addressing and transporting

 An ISO and ITU standard for email message addressing and transporting. X.400 supports Ethernet, X.25, TCP/IP and dialup transport methods.

A collection of information organized in such a way that a computer program can quickly select desired pieces of data

 Refers to a collection of information organized in such a way that a computer program can quickly select desired pieces of data. A database management system (DBMS) is a software application providing management, administration, performance, and analysis tools for databases.

Objective Database / Storage 1.1:  Database 2 (DB2)

Provide an open database environment that runs on a wide variety of computing platforms

 DB2 is a family of relational database products offered by IBM. DB2 provides an open database environment that runs on a wide variety of computingplatforms.

Objective Database / Storage 1.2:  Oracle

Support the SQL language

Relational database product; the first to support the SQL language.

Objective Database / Storage 1.3:  SQL Server

Manage data with a server product developed by Microsoft

 Data management server product developed by Microsoft.

Objective Database / Storage 1.4:  Sybase

Manage and synchronize data with server products developed by Sybase

 Data management and synchronization server products developed by Sybase.

Provide shared storage access across a network

 Storage devices are designed to provide shared storage access across a network. These devices provide extended storage capabilities to the network with reduced costs compared to traditional file servers.

Objective Database / Storage 2.1:  Network Attached Storage (NAS)

A NAS device is a server that is dedicated to nothing more than file sharing

 A NAS device is a server that is dedicated to nothing more than file sharing.

Objective Database / Storage 2.2:  Storage Area Network (SAN)

A machine that contains nothing but a disk or disks for storing data

 A SAN is a high-speed sub network of shared storag edevices. A storage device is a machine that contains nothing but a disk or disks for storing data.

A separate computer (application server) performs the business logic, although some part may still be handled by the user's machine

 In a three-tier environment, a separate computer (application server) performs the business logic, although some part may still be handled by the user's machine. After the Web exploded in the mid 1990s, application servers became Web based.

Objective Delivery Servers 1.1:  None specified

Provide optimized management of media-based files such as audio and video streams and digital images

 Provide optimized management of media-based files such as audio and video streams and digital images.

Objective Delivery Servers 2.2:  Windows Media Services

Deliver streaming media and dynamic digital content over intranet and internet delivery channels

 Part of Windows Server (2000 and .Net) optimized to deliver streaming media and dynamic digital content over intranet and internet delivery channels.

Objective Delivery Servers 2.1:  Real Audio

Streaming media server solution designed to supply desktop and mobile content

 Streaming media server solution designed to supply desktop and mobile content.

Provide integration and single-source corporate information

 Portals represent focus points for interaction, providing integration and single-source corporate information.

Objective Delivery Servers 3.1:  None specified

A computer that provides World Wide Web services on the Internet

A computer that provides World Wide Web services on the Internet. It includes the hardware, operating system, Web server software, TCP/IP protocols and the Web site content (Web pages). If the Web server is used internally and not by the public, it may be known as an “intranet server.”

Objective Delivery Servers 4.2:  Internet Information Server

Web server software from Microsoft that runs under Windows NT, Windows 2000, and Microsoft.Net

 Web server software from Microsoft that runs under Windows NT, Windows 2000, and Microsoft.Net. It supports Netscape's SSL security protocol and turns an NT based PC into a web site. Microsoft's Web browser, Internet Explorer, is also included.

Objective Delivery Servers 4.1:  Apache

A widely used public domain, UNIX based web server

 A widely used public domain, UNIX based web server from the Apache Group (www.apache.org). It is based on, and is a plug-in replacement for, NCSA's HTTP server Version 1.3. The name came from a body of existing code and many "patch files."

Various devices and parts that make up a Server or Computer as well as devices that perform specific functionality outside of a Server or Computer

 [T]his refers to the various devices and parts that make up a Server or Computer as well as devices that perform specific functionality outside of a Server or Computer.

Objective Hardware / Infrastructure 1.1:  Random Access Memory (RAM)

Access computer memory randomly

 A type of computer memory that can be accessed randomly; that is, any byte of memory can be accessed without touching the preceding bytes. RAM is the most common type of memory found in computers and other devices, such as printers.

Objective Hardware / Infrastructure 1.2:  Hard Disk Drive

Store data on a computer

 Refers to the area of a computer that where data is stored.

Objective Hardware / Infrastructure 1.3:  Microprocessor

A CPU

 A silicon chip that contains a CPU. In the world of personal computers, the terms microprocessor and CPU are used interchangeably. At the heart of all personal computers and most workstations sits a microprocessor.

Objective Hardware / Infrastructure 1.4:  Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID)

An assembly of disk drives that employ two or more drives in combination for fault tolerance and performance

 An assembly of disk drives that employ two or more drives in combination for fault tolerance and performance. RAID disk drives are used frequently on servers but aren't generally necessary for personal computers. RAID is generally configured as mirrored or striped. Mirrored RAID (Level 1) provides a failover drive. Striped RAID (Levels 0, 3, and 5) write data across multiple disk drives so that a single disk failure can be recovered from the data on the remaining drives. There are three (3) types of RAID systems: failure resistant disk systems (that protect against data loss due to disk failure), failure tolerant disk systems (that protect against loss of data access due to failure of any single component), and disaster tolerant disk systems (that consist of two or more independent zones, either of which provides access to stored data).

A network that interconnects devices over a geographically small area

 A network that interconnects devices over a geographically small area, typically in one building or a part of a building. The most popular LAN type is Ethernet. LANs allow the sharing of resources and the exchange of both video and data.

Objective Hardware / Infrastructure 2.1:  Ethernet

Use a bus or star topology and support data transfer rates of 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet) or 1 Gbps (gigabit Ethernet)

  Local Area Network (LAN) architecture that uses a bus or star topology an dsupports data transfer rates of 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet) or 1 Gbps (gigabi tEthernet). The Ethernet specification served as the basis for the IEEE 802.3 standard ,which specifies the physical and lower software layers. Ethernet uses the CSMA/CD access method to handle simultaneous demands. It is one of the most widely implemented LAN standards.

Objective Hardware / Infrastructure 2.2:  Token Ring

A type of computer network in which all the computers are arranged (schematically) in a circle

 A type of computer network in which all the computers are arranged (schematically) in a circle. A token, which is a special bit pattern, travels around the circle. To send a message, a computer catches the token, attaches a message to it, and then lets it continue to travel around the network.

Objective Hardware / Infrastructure 2.3:  Virtual LAN (VLAN)

A network of computers that behave as if they are connected to the same wire even though they may actually be physically located on different segments of a LAN

 Short for virtual LAN, a network of computers that behave as if they are connected to the same wire even though they may actually be physically located on different segments of a LAN. VLANs are configured through software rather than hardware, which make them extremely flexible. One of the biggest advantages of VLANs is that when a computer is physically moved to another location, it can stay on the same VLAN without any hardware reconfiguration.

A group of stations (computers, telephones, or other devices) connected by communications facilities for exchanging information

A group of stations (computers, telephones, or other devices) connected by communications facilities for exchanging information. Connection can be permanent, via cable, or temporary, through telephone or other communications links. The transmission medium can be physical (i.e. fiber optic cable) or wireless (i.e. satellite).

Objective Hardware / Infrastructure 3.1:  Hub

Connect segments of a LAN

 A common connection point for devices in a network. Hubs are commonly used to connect segments of a LAN. A hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all segments of the LAN can see all packets.

Objective Hardware / Infrastructure 3.2:  Switch

Filter and forward packets between LAN segments

 In networks, a device that filters and forwards packets between LAN segments. Switches operate at the data link layer (layer 2) and sometimes the network layer (layer3) of the OSI Reference Model and therefore support any packet protocol. LANs that use switches to join segments are called switched LANs or, in the case of Ethernet networks, switched Ethernet LANs.

Objective Hardware / Infrastructure 3.3:  Router

Find the best route between any two networks, even if there are several networks to traverse

 A device or setup that finds the best route between any two networks, even if there are several networks to traverse. Like bridges, remote sites can be connected using routers over dedicated or switched lines to create WANs.

Objective Hardware / Infrastructure 3.4:  Network Interface Card (NIC)

Connect a computer to a network

 Often abbreviated as NIC, an expansion board you insert into a computer so the computer can be connected to a network. Most NICs are designed for a particular type of network, protocol, and media, although some can serve multiple networks.

Objective Hardware / Infrastructure 3.5:  Transceivers

Transmit and receive analog or digital signals

 Short for transmitter receiver, a device that both transmits and receives analog or digital signals. The term is used most frequently to describe the Component in local area networks (LANs) that actually applies signals onto the network wire and detects signals passing through the wire. For many LANs, the transceiver is built into the network interface card (NIC). Some types of networks, however, require an external transceiver.

Objective Hardware / Infrastructure 3.6:  Gateway

Points of entrance to and exit from a communications network

 Gateways are points of entrance to and exit from a communications network. Viewed as a physical entity, a gateway is that node that translates between two otherwise incompatible networks or network segments.

Objective Hardware / Infrastructure 3.7:  Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

Allow data to betransmitted simultaneously across the world using end to end connectivity via digital phone connections

 ISDN is a system of digital phone connections which has been available for over a decade. This system allows data to betransmitted simultaneously across the world using end to end digital connectivity.

Objective Hardware / Infrastructure 3.8:  T1/T3

Deliver 1.544 of 45 Mbps of voice or data

 T1 service delivers 1.544 Mbps. Typically channel into 24 DS0s, each capable of carrying a single voice conversation or data stream. The European T1 or E1 transmission rate is 2.048 Mbps. A T3 circuit communicates at 45 Mbps, or 28 T1 lines.

Objective Hardware / Infrastructure 3.9:  Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

All types of digital subscriber lines

 Refers collectively to all types of digital subscriber lines, the two main categories being ADSL and SDSL. Two other types of DSL technologies are High data rate DSL (HDSL) and Very high DSL (VDSL).

Objective Hardware / Infrastructure 3.10:  Firewall

Prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network

This refers to the network device that is designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network. Firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and software, or a combination of both. Firewalls are frequently used to prevent unauthorized Internet users from accessing private networks connected to the Internet, especially intranets. There are several types of firewall techniques and firewalls may implement one or more simultaneously. Packet filtering inspects inbound and outbound packets, validating against defined business rules. Application gateways apply security rules against applications. Circuit level gateways apply security rules against physical connection attempts to and from the network. Proxy servers mask the internal requestor by inspecting and augmenting the packet header. Four common architectures of firewalls include the packet filtering router, the screened host firewall system, the dual homed host firewall, and the screened subnet firewall (with a DMZ), which is one of the most secure implementations.

Computer devices that are not part of the essential computer

 Computer devices that are not part of the essential computer (i.e. the memory and microprocessor). Peripheral devices can be external and internal.

Objective Hardware / Infrastructure 4.1:  Printer

Print text or illustrations on paper

 Devices that print text or illustrations on paper. There are many different types of printers.

Objective Hardware / Infrastructure 4.2:  Scanner

Read text or illustrations printed on paper and translate the information into a form the computer can use

 Device that can read text or illustrations printed on paper and translate the information into a form the computer can use. A scanner works by digitizing an image dividing it into a grid of boxes and representing each box with either a zero or a one, depending on whether the box is filled in.

Various types of programmable machines which are capable of responding to sets of instructions and executing programs

This refers to the various types of programmable machines which are capable of responding to sets of instructions and executing programs.

Objective Hardware / Infrastructure 5.1:  Enterprise Server

Manage network resources and shared applications for multiple users

 A computer or device on a network that manages network resources and shared applications for multiple users.

Objective Hardware / Infrastructure 5.2:  Mainframe

Support hundreds, or even thousands, of users simultaneously

 A very large computer capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users simultaneously. Mainframes support simultaneous programs.

Communication across long distances with video and audio contact that may also include graphics and data exchange

 Communication across long distances with video and audio contact that may also include graphics and data exchange. Digital video transmission systems typically consist of camera, codec (coder-decoder), network access equipment, network, and audio system.

Objective Hardware / Infrastructure 6.1:  Bridge

Connect three or more conference sites so that they can simultaneously pass data, voice, or video

 A bridge connects three or more conference sites so that they can simultaneously pass data, voice, or video. Video conferencing bridges are often called MCUs (multipoint conferencing units).

Objective Hardware / Infrastructure 6.2:  CODEC

Convert analog video signals from a video camera to digital signals for transmission over digital circuits, and then convert the digital signals back to analog signals for display

 A video codec converts analog video signals from a video camera to digitalsignals for transmission over digital circuits, and then converts the digital signals back toanalog signals for display.

Objective Hardware / Infrastructure 6.3:  Receiver

Eenable a particular videoconference signal to be separated from all others being received by an earth station, and convert the signal format into a format for video, voice or data

 An electronic device which enables a particular videoconference signal to be separated from all others being received by an earth station, and converts the signal format into a format for video, voice or data.

A data network typically extending a LAN outside a building or beyond a campus

 A data network typically extending a LAN outside a building or beyond a campus. Typically created by using bridges or routers to connect geographically separated LANs. WANs include commercial or educational dial-up networks such as CompuServe, InterNet and BITNET.

Objective Hardware / Infrastructure 7.1:  Frame Relay

Connect devices on a Wide Area Network (WAN)

 A packet switching protocol for connecting devices on a Wide Area Network (WAN). Frame Relay networks in the U.S. support data transfer rates at T1 (1.544 Mbps) and T3 (45 Mbps) speeds.

Objective Hardware / Infrastructure 7.2:  Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Packet switching and transmission integrating multiple data types (voice, video, and data)

 A high bandwidth, high speed, controlled delay, fixed size packet switching and transmission system integrating multiple data types (voice, video, and data). Uses fixed size packets also known as "cells" (ATM is often referred to as "cell relay").

Hardware, software and supporting services that facilitate the development of software applications and systems

This consists of the hardware, software and supporting services that facilitate the development of software applications and systems.

Objective Software Engineering 1.1:  Web Sphere Studio

Build Java, web, and web services applications

 Integrated Java (J2EE) environment for programmers building Java, web, and web services applications – and the successor to IBM Visual Age.

Objective Software Engineering 1.2:  Visual Studio

Provide the tools for analyzing and modeling all aspects of an application before a single component is built so that developers can design efficient architectures and reduce time to market

A complete development system providing the tools for analyzing and modeling all aspects of an application before a single component is built so that developers can design efficient architectures and reduce time to market. Developers can choose the programming language they know best and the language that is best suited to the solution, including Microsoft Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual J++, and Visual FoxPro. Visual Studio is used to build scalable, data driven Web sites and applications.

Objective Software Engineering 1.3:  Visual Studio.Net

Rapidly build and integrate XML web services, Microsoft Windows–based applications, and web solutions

A comprehensive tool set for rapidly building and integrating XML web services, Microsoft Windows–based applications, and web solutions. This is the successor to Visual Studio.

Represent entities, data, business logic, and capabilities for aiding in software engineering

 The process of representing entities, data, business logic, and capabilities for aiding in software engineering.

Objective Software Engineering 2.1:  Unified Modeling Language (UML)

Specify and visualize complex software, especially large, object-oriented projects

 A general-purpose notational language for specifying and visualizing complex software, especially large, object-oriented projects.

Objective Software Engineering 2.2:  Case Management

Provide a development environment for programming teams

 Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) software that provides a development environment for programming teams. CASE systems offer tools to automate, manage and simplify the development process.

All aspects of software development from design to delivery specifically focused on the control of all work products and artifacts generated during the development process

 Applicable to all aspects of software development from design to delivery specifically focused on the control of all work products and artifacts generated during the development process. Several solutions on the market provide the integration of the software configuration management functions.

Objective Software Engineering 3.1:  Version Management

Track and control versions of files

 Refers to tracking and controlling versions of files. Version Management includes capabilities such as labeling, branching, merging, version content comparisons, and security and permission management across version controlled projects.

Objective Software Engineering 3.2:  Defect Tracking

Identify, assign, and manage discovered defects within an application, product or solution

 Refers to the identification, assignment, and management of discovered defects within an application, product or solution. Defect tracking tools provide searchable defect data to identify urgent and related defects or bugs. The architecture should be built to facilitate the pushing of software patches across the enterprise.

Objective Software Engineering 3.3:  Issue Management

Manage business, technical, and infrastructure issues throughout the entire lifecycle of a project

 Refers to the management of business, technical, and infrastructure issues throughout the entire lifecycle of a project.

Objective Software Engineering 3.4:  Task Management

Transform requirements, testing, and issues assignments into prioritized tasks

 Requirements, testing, and issues assignments are transformed into prioritized tasks. Task Management tools provide automation features for managing, delivering, assigning, reminding, and collaborating task management and execution.

Objective Software Engineering 3.5:  Change Management

Manage application code and content changes across the software development lifecycles

 Refers to the management of application code and content changes across the software development lifecycles.

Objective Software Engineering 3.6:  Deployment Management

Deliver software to remote networked desktops, servers, and mobile devices across an enterprise

  Refers to the capability of software delivery to remotene tworked desktops, servers, and mobile devices across an enterprise. Deploymen tautomation tools provide centralized and accelerated delivery of applications to users vi apush technologies, eliminating the need for manual installation and configuration.

Objective Software Engineering 3.7:  Requirements Management and Traceability

Discover,capture, store and disseminate information

 Consists of information discovery,capture, storage and dissemination. Requirements management reduces software development costs and associated risks through documenting, measuring, and analyzing deviations to project requirements. Traceability refers to tracking requirements artifacts to their source, and changes in requirements to include the impact analysis of the change. Requirements traceability is an integral component in quality software implementation and the management of document succession.

All testing activities and results

 The consolidation of all testing activities and results. Test Management activities include test planning, designing (test cases), execution, reporting, code coverage, and heuristic and harness development.

Objective Software Engineering 4.1:  Functional Testing

Test any requirements that can be traced directly to use cases (or business functions), business rules, and design

 This type of test focuses on any requirements that can be traceddirectly to use cases (or business functions), business rules, and design.

Objective Software Engineering 4.2:  Business Cycle Testing

Emulate activities performed over a period of time that is relevant to the application under test

Refers to the emulation of activities performed over a period of time that is relevant to the application under test.

Objective Software Engineering 4.3:  Usability Testing (508 Testing)

Test to ensure that the application navigation, functionality, and GUI allow a user to effectively and efficiently do their work in a way that they are satisfied with the application

 Refers to a test to ensure that the application navigation, functionality, and GUI allow a user to effectively and efficiently do their work in a way that they are satisfied with the application.

Objective Software Engineering 4.4:  Performance Profiling

Measure and evaluate response times and transaction rates

Refers to a performance test that measures and evaluates response times and transaction rates.

Objective Software Engineering 4.5:  Load/Stress/Volume Testing

Measure and evaluate how a system performs and functions under varying workloads, large amounts of data and/or resource utilization

 Refers to tests that measure and evaluate how a system performs and functions under varying workloads, large amounts of data and/or resource utilization.

Objective Software Engineering 4.6:  Security and Access Control Testing

Test the technical, administrative and physical security controls that have been designed into the system architecture in order to provide confidentiality, integrity and availability

 Focuses on the technical, administrative and physical security controls that have been designed into the system architecture in order to provide confidentiality, integrity and availability.

Objective Software Engineering 4.7:  Reliability Testing

Verify that failover methods are invoked properly and the system recovers properly

Refers to the verification that failover methods are invoked properly and the system recovers properly.

Objective Software Engineering 4.8:  Configuration Testing

Test to ensure that the application or system canhandle all hardware and software variables and requirements that have been defined

 Refers to a test to ensure that the application or system can handle all hardware and software variables and requirements that have been defined.

Objective Software Engineering 4.9:  Installation Testing

Verify that the software installation process works properly in different environments and among varying conditions

 Refers to the verification that the software installation process works properly in different environments and among varying conditions.

Programming languages and methods for developing software on a specific operating system or platform

 Consists of the programming languages and methods for developing software on a specific operating system or platform.

Objective Supporting Platforms 1.1:  Windows 2000

Look like Windows 95/98 but add considerably more features,dialogs and options

 Also known as "Win2K" and "W2K," it is a major upgrade to Windows NT 4. Launched in February 2000, Windows 2000 comes in one client and three server versions. Windows 2000 looks like Windows 95/98, but adds considerably more features,dialogs and options.

Objective Supporting Platforms 1.2:  Windows.Net

Support a wide range of languages but primarily tied to the Microsoft Windows operating system and Intel hardware

 Microsoft’s .Net and Sun’s J2EE are the two dominant distribute dcomputing architecture frameworks. .Net supports a wide range of languages but is primarily tied to the Microsoft Windows operating system and Intel hardware.

Objective Supporting Platforms 1.3:  Mac OS X

UNIX based operating system based on industry standards

 Mac OS X is Apple's UNIX based operating system based on industry standards. Launched in March 2001, OS X has advanced built-in security functions and complete interoperability with both Internet standards and Microsoft products.

Programming languages that are able to execute and run on any platform or operating system

 Defines the programming languages that are able to execute and run on any platform or operating system.

Objective Supporting Platforms 2.1:  Java 2 Platform Enterprise Edition (J2EE)

Provide portability of a single language (Java) over multiple operating systems and hardware platforms

  Sun’s J2EE and Microsoft’s .Net are th etwo dominant distributed computing architecture frameworks. J2EE provides portability o fa single language (Java) over multiple operating systems and hardware platforms.

Objective Supporting Platforms 2.2:  Linux

An open source operating system that runs on multiple hardware platforms

 Linux is an open source operating system that runs on multiple hardware platforms. With the ability to run on many platforms, including the PC and Macintosh, Linux has become an alternative to proprietary systems.

Radio transmission via the airwaves

Radio transmission via the airwaves. Various communications techniques are used to provide wireless transmission including infrared line of sight, cellular, microwave, satellite, packet radio and spread spectrum.

Objective Supporting Platforms 3.1:  Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition (J2ME)

A relatively portable environment for those using Java

 Sun’s Java environment for devices. It promises a relatively portable environment for those using Java for other tiers of the architecture.

Programming languages and methods for developing software on a specific operating system or platform

 Consists of the programming languages and methods for developing software on a specific operating system or platform.

Objective Business Logic 1.1:  Visual Basic

Develop Windows applications

 A version of the BASIC programming language from Microsoft specialized for developing Windows applications.

Objective Business Logic 1.2:  Visual Basic .Net (VB.Net)

Develop Windows applications within Microsoft’s.NET environment

 A version of the BASIC programming language from Microsoft specialized for developing Windows applications that is used within Microsoft’s .NET environment.

Objective Business Logic 1.3:  C-Sharp (C#)

Object-oriented programming  based on C++ with elements from Visual Basic and Java

 An object-oriented programming language from Microsoft that is basedon C++ with elements from Visual Basic and Java.

Objective Business Logic 1.4: 

Scripting in a subset of Visual Basic for  use on the web for both client processing within a web page and server side processing in Active Server Pages (ASPs)

A scripting language from Microsoft. A subset of Visual Basic, VBScript iswidely used on the web for both client processing within a web page and server sideprocessing in Active Server Pages (ASPs).

Software languages that are able to execute and run on any type of operating system or platform

 Consists of all software languages that are able to execute and run on any type of operating system or platform.

Objective Business Logic 2.1:  Enterprise Java Beans (EJB)

Provide a pure Java environment for developing and running distributed applications

 A software component in Sun's J2EE platform, which provides a pure Java environment for developing and running distributed applications.

Objective Business Logic 2.2:  C, C++

An object-oriented version of C that has been widely used to develop enterprise and commercial applications

 C is a procedure programming language. C++ is an object-oriented version of C that has been widely used to develop enterprise and commercial applications.

Objective Business Logic 2.3:  JavaScript

Run a scripting language within a web browser

 A scripting language that runs within a web browser.

Objective Business Logic 2.4:  Java Servlet (JSR 53)

Reuse web components  in portals

 Java Servlets provide reusable web components that can be incorporated into portals.

Objective Business Logic 2.5:  Java Portlet API (JSR 168)

Enable interoperability between Portlets and Portals

 Java Portlet API enables interoperability between Portlets and Portals by defining APIs that address the areas of aggregation, personalization, presentation and security.

Objective Business Logic 2.6:  Web Services for Remote Portals (WSRP)

Allow the plug and play of visual, user facing web services with portals or other intermediary web applications

 WSRP defines an XML and web services standard that will allow the plug and play of visual, user facing web services with portals or other intermediary web applications.

Send data over a communications network and  define data communicated from one application to another

 Data Exchange is concerned with the sending of data over a communications network and the definition of data communicated from one application to another. Data Exchange provides the communications common denominator between disparate systems.

Objective Data Interchange 1.1:  XMI

Enable easy interchange of metadata between modeling tools (based on the OMG UML) and metadata repositories (OMG MOF based) in distributed heterogeneous environments

 Enables easy interchange of metadata between modeling tools (based on theOMG UML) and metadata repositories (OMG MOF based) in distributed heterogeneous environments. XMI integrates three key industry standards: XML, UML, and MOF. The integration of these three standards into XMI marries the best of OMG and W3C metadata and modeling technologies, allowing developers of distributed systems to share object models and other metadata over the Internet.

Objective Data Interchange 1.2:  XQuery

Process and evaluate XML data

 A language used for processing and evaluating XML data. The XQuery language provides results of expressions allowing the use of evaluations to the implementation of XQuery.

Objective Data Interchange 1.3:  Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP)

Provide HTTP/XML based remote procedure call capabilities for XML Web Services

 SOAP provides HTTP/XML based remote procedure call capabilities for XML Web Services.

Objective Data Interchange 1.4:  Electronic Business using XML (eb-XML)

Enable enterprises to conduct business over the Internet: exchanging business messages, conducting trading relationships, communicating data in common terms and defining and registering business processes

 A modular suite of specifications that enables enterprises to conduct business over the Internet: exchanging business messages, conducting trading relationships, communicating data in common terms and defining and registering business processes.

Objective Data Interchange 1.5:  Resource Description Framework (RDF)

Provide a lightweight ontology system to support the exchange of knowledge on the web

RDF provides a lightweight ontology system to support the exchange of knowledge on the web. It integrates a variety of web-based metadata activities including sitemaps, content ratings, stream channel definitions, search engine data collection (web crawling), digital library collections, and distributed authoring, using XML as interchange syntax. RDF is the foundation for the Semantic Web envisioned by Tim Berners-Lee – an extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning, to better enable computers and people to work in cooperation.

Objective Data Interchange 1.6:  Web Services User Interface (WSUI)

Use a simple schema for describing a WSUI "component" that can be used in a portal to call backend SOAP and XML services

 WSUI uses a simple schema for describing a WSUI "component" that can be used in a portal to call backend SOAP and XML services. WSUI uses XSLT style sheets to construct user facing views to enable users to interact with the services.

Connect an application to a data store or data base

 Defines the protocol or method in which an application connects to a data store or data base.

Objective Data Management 1.1:  Java Database Connectivity (JDBC)

Provide access to virtually any tabular data source from the Java programming language

 JDBC provides access to virtually any tabular data source from the Java programming language. It provides cross-DBMS connectivity to a wide range of SQL databases, and other tabular data sources, such as spreadsheets or flat files.

Objective Data Management 1.2:  Open Database Connectivity (ODBC)

Provide a common language for Windows applications to access databases on a network

 A database programming interface from Microsoft that provides a common language for Windows applications to access databases on a network. ODBC is made up of the function calls programmers write into their applications and the ODBC drivers themselves.

Objective Data Management 1.3:  Active Data Objects (ADO)

Provide an interface to OLE DB

 A programming interface from Microsoft that is designed as "the" Microsoft standard for data access. First used with Internet Information Server, ADO is a set of COM objects that provides an interface to OLE DB. The three primary objects are Connection, Command and Record set.

Objective Data Management 1.4:  Active Data Objects .Net (ADO.Net)

Provide an extensive set of classes that facilitate efficient access to data from a large variety of sources, enable sophisticated manipulation and sorting of data

  ADO.Net is the data access component of th eMicrosoft’s .NET Framework. It provides an extensive set of classes that facilitat eefficient access to data from a large variety of sources, enable sophisticated manipulatio nand sorting of data.

Objective Data Management 1.5:  Object Linking and Embedding/Database (OLE/DB)

Provide connections to different data sources

 A Microsoft low-level API designed to provide connections to different data sources. OLE/DB allowed connectivity to ODBC-based SQL providers/sources as well as other formats such as text and comma delimited.

Objective Data Management 1.6:  Data Access Objects (DAO)

Access Microsoft Jet engine data sources such as Microsoft Office based applications

 DAO is the Microsoft library for accessing Microsoft Jet engine data sources such as Microsoft Office based applications. DAO is replaced by ADO and ADO.Net.

Objective Data Management 1.7:  DB2 Connector

Access DB2 sources

 An IBM connectivity API to access DB2 sources.

Tools, languages and protocols used to extract data from a data store and process it into useful information

Consist of the tools, languages and protocols used to extract data from a data store and process it into useful information.

Objective Data Management 2.1:  Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL)

Use XML-based data tags to describe financial statements for both public and private companies

 Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL is an open specification which uses XML-based data tags to describe financial statements for both public and private companies.

Objective Data Management 2.2:  Java Online Analytical Processing (JOLAP)

Support the creation and maintenance of OLAP data and metadata, in a vendor independent manner

JOLAP is a Java API for the J2EE environment that supports the creation and maintenance of OLAP data and metadata, in a vendor independent manner.

Objective Data Management 2.3:  Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

Allow the user to quickly analyze information that has been summarized into multidimensional views and hierarchies

 Decision support software that allows the user to quickly analyze information that has been summarized into multidimensional views an dhierarchies.

Objective Data Management 2.4:  XML for Analysis

Use the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) to let Web browser based programs access backend data sources for data analysis

 XML for Analysis uses the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) to let Web browser based programs access backend data sources for data analysis. The specification allows companies to build online analytical processing (OLAP) and data mining applications that work over the web.

Software and protocols used for transforming data for presentation in a graphical user interface

 This defines the software and protocols used for transforming data for presentation in a graphical user interface.

Objective Presentation / Interface 1.1:  Dynamic HTML (DHTML)

Allow web pages that are more animated and more responsive to user interaction than previous versions of HTML

 A collective term for a combination of new Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) tags and options, style sheets, and programming that will allow web pages that are more animated and more responsive to user interaction than previous versions of HTML.

Objective Presentation / Interface 1.2:  Extensible HTML (XHTML)

The next generation of HTML

 The W3C’s recommendation for the next generation of [text missing]

Objective Presentation / Interface 1.3:  Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

Format HTML documents

 A style sheet format for HTML documents endorsed by the World Wide Web Consortium. CSS1 (Version 1.0) provides hundreds of layout settings that can be applied to all the subsequent HTML pages that are downloaded.

Objective Presentation / Interface 1.4:  Extensible 3D Graphics (X3D)

Real-time 3D computer graphics

The ISO standard for real-time 3D computer graphics which features the ability to encode a scene in an XML syntax.

Software that is used to create graphical user interfaces with the ability to change while the program is running

 This consists of the software that is used to create graphical user interfaces with the ability to change while the program is running.

Objective Presentation / Interface 2.1:  Java Server Pages (JSP)

Present dynamically generated web content

 JSP is part of Sun’s J2EE architecture and provide template capabilities for presenting dynamically generated web content. ASPs are text files written in a combination of standard HTML tags, JSP tags, and Java code.

Objective Presentation / Interface 2.2:  Active Server Pages (ASP)

Allow for the creation of dynamic, interactive sessions with the user

 A web server technology from Microsoft that allows for thecreation of dynamic, interactive sessions with the user.

Objective Presentation / Interface 2.3:  Active Server Pages .Net (ASP.Net)

Build web applications and XML web services

 ASP.NET is a set of technologies in the Microsoft.NET Framework for building web applications and XML web services. ASP.NET pages execute on the server and generate markup such as HTML, WML or XML that is sent to a desktop or mobile browser.

Software protocols that are used to create a pre-defined, unchanging graphical interface between the user and the software

Static Display consists of the software protocols that are used to create a pre-defined, unchanging graphical interface between the user and the software.

Objective Presentation / Interface 3.1:  Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)

Create web documents

 The language used to create web documents and a subset of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)

Objective :  Portable Document Framework (PDF/A, /X)

Represent two dimensional documents in a device independent and resolution independent format

An open standard file format for representing two dimensional documents in a device independent and resolution independent format.

Software and protocols used for wireless and voice-enabled presentation devices

 Consists of the software and protocols used for wireless and voice-enabled presentation devices. 

Objective Presentation / Interface 4.1:  Wireless Markup Language (WML)

A protocol for wireless devices

 An XML-based protocol designed for Wireless devices.

Objective Presentation / Interface 4.2:  XHTML Mobile Profile (XHTMLMP)

Extend XHTML Basic with modules, elements and attributes to provide a richer authoring language

XHTMLMP is designed for resource-constrained web clients that do not support the full set of XHTML features, such as mobile phones, PDAs, pagers and set top boxes. It extends XHTML Basic with modules, elements and attributes to provide a richer authoring language. XHTML replaces the Wireless Markup Language (WML).

Objective Presentation / Interface 4.3:  Voice XML (VXML)

An XML vocabulary for specifying IVR (Integrated Voice Response) Systems

 VXML is an XML vocabulary for specifying IVR (Integrated Voice Response) Systems.

Software used by a certification authority (CA) to issue digital certificates and secure access to information

 Software used by a certification authority (CA) to issue digital certificates and secure access to information.

Objective Security 1.1:  Digital Certificate Authentication

Control access to network and internet resources through managing user identification

 Authentication implementation for controlling access to network and internet resources through managing user identification. An electronic document, digital certificate, is issued and used to prove identity and public key ownership over the network or internet.

Objective Security 1.2:  FIPS 186

Specify a digital signature algorithm (DSA) appropriate for applications requiring a digital, rather than written, signature

 The Digital Signature Standard (DSS) specifies a digital signature algorithm (DSA) appropriate for applications requiring a digital, rather than written, signature. The DSA authenticates the integrity of the signed data and the identity of the signatory. The DSA may also be used to prove that data was actually signed by the generator of the signature. Additional references: Draft ANSI X9.30199x Part 1 and ISO/IECJTC1/SC27/WG2, Project 1.27.08 Digital Signature with Appendix.

Objective Security 1.3:  Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)

Secure data communications across computer networks

  An open, nonproprietary protocol for securing dat acommunications across computer networks. SSL is sandwiched between the applicatio nprotocol (such as HTTP, Telnet, FTP, and NNTP) and the connection protocol (such a sTCP/IP, UDP). SSL provides server authentication, message integrity, data encryption ,and optional client authentication for TCP/IP connections.

Protocols and components to be used in addition to certificates and digital signatures

These consist of the different protocols and components to be used in addition to certificates and digital signatures.

Objective Security 2.1:  Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME)

Provide a consistent way to send and receive secure MIME data

 Provides a consistent way to send and receive secure MIME data. Based on the Internet MIME standard, S/MIME provides cryptographic security services for electronic messaging applications: authentication, message integrity and nonrepudiation of origin (using digital signatures) and data confidentiality (using encryption). S/MIME is not restricted to mail; it can beused with any transport mechanism that transports MIME data, such as HTTP.

Objective Security 2.2:  Transport Layer Security (TLS)

Provide communications privacy over the Internet

 Standard for the next generation SSL. TLS provides communications privacy over the Internet. The protocol allows client/server applications to communicate in a way that is designed to prevent eavesdropping, tampering, or message forgery.

Objective Security 2.3:  Web Services Security (WS Security)

Provide message integrity, message confidentiality, and single message authentication

 Describes enhancements to SOAP messaging to provide message integrity, message confidentiality, and single message authentication. These mechanisms can be used to accommodate a wide variety of security models and encryption technologies including X.509, Kerberos, and SAML.

Objective Security 2.4:  Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML)

Exchange security information expressed in the form of assertions about subjects

 An XML-based framework for exchanging security information expressed in the form of assertions about subjects, where a subject is an entity (either human or computer) that has an identity in some security domain. SAML is expected to play a key role in the federal-wide E-Authentication initiative, and is supported by both the Liberty Alliance and WS Security.

Objective Security 2.5:  Simple Key Management Protocol (SKIP)

Handle key management across IP networks and VPNs

 A protocol developed by Sun Microsystems to handle key management across IP networks and VPNs.(http://www.networksorcery.com/enp/rfc/rfc2356.txt) 

Objective Security 2.6:  Secure Shell (SSH)

Perform client authentication

 A strong method of performing client authentication. Because it supports authentication, compression, confidentiality and integrity, SSH is used frequently on the Internet. SSH has two important Components, RSA certificate exchange for authentication and Triple DES for session encryption.

Processes and tools specializing in updating and consolidating applications and data within an enterprise

Refers to the processes and tools specializing in updating and consolidating applications and data within an enterprise. EAI focuses on leveraging existing legacy applications and data sources so that enterprises can add and migrate to current technologies.

Objective Integration 1.1:  Business Process Management

Definition and management of cross application business processes across the enterprise and/or between enterprises

 This process is responsible for the definition and management of cross application business processes across the enterprise and/or between enterprises.

Objective Integration 1.2:  Application Connectivity

Provide reusable, noninvasive connectivity with packaged software

 This process provides reusable, noninvasive connectivity with packaged software. This connectivity is provided by uni- or bidirectional adapters.

Objective Integration 1.3:  Transformation and Formatting

Conversion of data, message content, information structure, and syntax to reconcile differences in data amongst multiple systems and data sources

 This process is responsible for the conversion of data, message content, information structure, and syntax to reconcile differences in data amongst multiple systems and data sources.

Link or “glue” two otherwise separate applications

 Middleware increases the flexibility, interoperability, and portability of existing infrastructure by linking or “gluing” two otherwise separate applications.

Objective Integration 2.1:  Remote Procedure Call (RPC)

Allow a program on a client computer to invoke a program on a server computer

 RPC is a protocol allowing a program on a client computer to invoke a program on a server computer.

Objective Integration 2.2:  Message Oriented Middleware (MOM): IBM WebSphere MQ

Provide APIs, queue management, message routing, automatic failover, and workload balancing

 Software solution providing APIs, queue management, message routing, automatic failover, and workload balancing. Message Oriented Middleware (MOM) is software residing in both sides of the client/server architecture providing support for asynchronous calls, or messages, between applications. Message queues are used to track and store requests waiting for execution by the source application. Messaging allows otherwise complex programming and networking details to be abstracted from the developer.

Objective Integration 2.3:  Message Oriented Middleware (MOM): Microsoft Message Queue (MSMQ)

Provide synchronous and asynchronous message queuing, routing, and security

 Software technology providing synchronous and asynchronous message queuing, routing, and security. Message Oriented Middleware (MOM) is software residing in both sides of the client/server architecture providing support for asynchronous calls, or messages, between applications. Message queues are used to track and store requests waiting for execution by the source application. Messaging allows otherwise complex programming and networking details to be abstracted from the developer.

Objective Integration 2.4:  Database Access - PL/SQL

Provide access to and across multiple database technologies in a distributed environment

Oracle's procedural extension to industry standard SQL. Database Access provides access to and across multiple database technologies in a distributed environment. Database Access is provided through the use of native database Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), client side APIs, or server side database gateways.

Objective Integration 2.5:  Database Access: ISQL/w

Provide access to and across multiple database technologies in a distributed environment

 Microsoft's implementation of ANSI SQL. Database Access provides access to and across multiple database technologies in a distributed environment. Database Access is provided through the use of native database Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), client side APIs, or server side database gateways.

Objective Integration 2.6:  Database Access: OPEN ANSI SQL/92) (MSMQ)

Promote the portability and interoperability of database application programs and facilitates maintenance of database systems across heterogeneous data processing environments

SQL is the information processing industry standard language of relational database management systems (RDMS). ANSIX3.1351992 (also referred to as SQL92 and ANSI SQL) is the industry standard for Database Language SQL. This standard promotes the portability and interoperability of database application programs and facilitates maintenance of database systems across heterogeneous data processing environments. SQL92 provides a standardized way for embedding SQL statements into application development languages. Database Access provides access to and across multiple database technologies in a distributed environment. Database Access is provided through the use of native database Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), client side APIs, or server side database gateways.

Objective Integration 2.7:  Database Access: NET8

Offer transparent connection from client tools to the database, or from one database to another

 NET8 (called SQL*NET prior to Oracle8) is Oracle'sclient/server middleware product that offers transparent connection from client tools to the database, or from one database to another. SQL*Net/ Net8 works across multiple network protocols and operating systems. Previous versions referred to as SQL*Net.Database Access provides access to and across multiple database technologies in a distributed environment. Database Access is provided through the use of native database APIs, client side APIs, or server side database gateways.

Objective Integration 2.8:  Transaction Processing Monitor

Provide synchronous messaging and queuing along with other transaction management services designed to support the efficient processing of high volumes of transactions

 Software providing synchronous messaging and queuing along with other transaction management services designed to support the efficient processing of high volumes of transactions. Core services include load balancing, rollback/commit, and recovery. Transaction Processing provides cost-effective scalability to applications and database systems by managing and throttling transactionson behalf of the database system.

Objective Integration 2.9:  Object Request Broker (ORB): Common Object Request Broker Architecture(CORBA)

Enable objects to communicate with one another regardless of what programming language they were written in or what operating system they're running on

 An architecture that enables objects to communicate with one another regardless of what programming language they were written in or what operating system they're running on. Object Request Broker (ORB) is a technology enabling distributed objects to communicate and exchange data with remote objects. ORB encapsulates the locality and implementation of the objects, allowing users to develop applications that leverage components by accessing the Components interface.

Objective Integration 2.10:  Object Request Broker (ORB): Component Object Model (COM)

Design and build component-based applications

 A software architecture created by Microsoft to design and build component-based applications. COM object capabilities are accessible from exposed interfaces. Object Request Broker (ORB) is a technology enabling distributed objects to communicate and exchange data with remote objects. ORB encapsulates the locality and implementation of the objects, allowing users to develop applications that leverage Components by accessing the Components interface.

Objective Integration 2.11:  Object Request Broker (ORB): Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM)

Allow COM components tocommunicate across network boundaries

 An extension of the Component Object Model (COM) that allows COM components to communicate across network boundaries. Traditional COM components can only perform inter-process communication across process boundaries on the same machine. Object Request Broker (ORB) is a technology enabling distributed objects to communicate and exchange data with remote objects. ORB encapsulates the locality and implementation of the objects, allowing users to develop applications that leverage components by accessing the components interface.

Objective Integration 2.12:  Object Request Broker (ORB): Component Object Model + (COM+)

Provide a runtime and services that are readily used from any programming language or tool, and enables extensive interoperability between Components regardless of how they were implemented

 COM+ is an extension of the COM that provides a runtime and services that are readily used from any programming language or tool, and enables extensive interoperability between Components regardless of how they were implemented. Object Request Broker (ORB) is a technology enabling distributed objects to communicate and exchange data with remote objects. ORB encapsulates the locality and implementation of the objects, allowing users to develop applications that leverage components by accessing the components interface.

Publish the way in which web services or applications can be used

 Defines the method for publishing the way in which web services or applications can be used.

Objective Interface 1.1:  API

Application Program Interface

Objective Interface 1.2:  WSDL

Web Services Description Language

The method in which applications, systems or web services are registered and discovered

 Defines the method in which applications, systems or web services are registered and discovered.

Objective Interface 2.1:  UDDI

Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration

Define the structure of a file

 Defines the structure of a file. There are hundreds of formats, and every application has many different variations (database, word processing, graphics, executable program, etc.). Each format defines its own layout of the data. The file format for text is the simplest.

Objective Interoperability 1.1:  Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

Define the structure for transferring data between enterprises

Defines the structure for transferring data between enterprises. EDI is used mainly used for purchase related information. ANSI X.12 refers to the approved EDI standards.

Objective Interoperability 1.2:  Extensible Markup Language (XML)

The standard format for web data and a common data format at all levels of the architecture

XML has emerged as the standard format for web data, and is beginning to be used as a common data format at all levels of the architecture. Many specialized vocabularies of XML are being developed to supportspecific Government and Industry functions.

Objective Interoperability 1.3:  Namespaces

Qualified references to URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) resources within XML documents

Namespaces are qualified references to URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) resources within XML documents.

Objective Interoperability 1.4:  XML Linking Language (XLINK)

Modify XML documents to include links, similar to hyperlinks, between resources

A language used to modify XML documents to include links, similar to hyperlinks, between resources. XLINK provides richer XML content through advanced linking integration with information resources.

The protocols and languages that change the presentation of data within a graphical user interface or application

 Data Transformation consists of the protocols and languages that change the presentation of data within a graphical user interface or application.

Objective Interoperability 2.1:  Extensible Style sheet Language Transform (XSLT)

Transform XML documents from one schema into another

Transforms XML document from one schema into another. Used for data transformation between systems using different XML schema, or mapping XML to different output devices.

Identify and affirm common structures and processing rules

 Refers to specifications used in identifying and affirming common structures and processing rules. This technique is referenced and abstracted from the content document or source data.

Objective Interoperability 3.1:  Document Type Definition (DTD)

Restrict and maintain the conformance of an XML, HTML, or SGML document

DTD is used to restrict and maintain the conformance of an XML, HTML, or SGML document. The DTD provides definitions for all tags and attributes within the document and the rules for their usage. Alterations to the document are validated with the referenced DTD.

Objective Interoperability 3.2:  XML Schema (XSD)

Define the structure, content, rules and vocabulary of an XML document

XML Schemas define the structure, content, rules and vocabulary of an XML document. XML Schemas are useful in automation through embedding processing rules.